Which type of cells produce cytokines?

Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in communication between cells, particularly in the immune response. They can be produced by a variety of cell types, which includes both immune cells and non-immune cells.

Immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages, are well-known producers of cytokines that are essential for modulating immune responses, regulating inflammation, and mediating cell coordination during immune reactions. However, non-immune cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and certain epithelial cells, can also produce cytokines in response to infections or other stimuli. This multifunctional production contributes to the body's overall response to various physiological challenges, enhancing the complexity and effectiveness of both tissue repair and immune defense mechanisms.

This broad capacity for cytokine production emphasizes the interconnectedness of the immune system with other body systems, highlighting that cytokine activity is not limited to just immune responses but is integral to many physiological processes.